From: Mingye Wang <arthur200126@gmail.com>
To: Alejandro Colomar <alx.manpages@gmail.com>
Cc: linux-man <linux-man@vger.kernel.org>
Subject: [PATCH] random.{4,7}, getrandom.2: Adapt to Linux 5.6 changes
Date: Mon, 29 May 2023 16:50:38 +0800 [thread overview]
Message-ID: <CAD66C+YnJ6oAL2Qh0s91Pc5U5+8StgcyuU6P=hAoYp7Vu_J-Wg@mail.gmail.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <bug-214885-11311-M5kG7tptAp@https.bugzilla.kernel.org/>
[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 187 bytes --]
Hi Alex,
I am still struggling with getting my mail client to send through a
proxy. The attached patch is the same as the bugzilla one, except that
the commit message has been expanded.
[-- Attachment #2: 0001-random.-4-7-getrandom.2-Adapt-to-Linux-5.6-changes.patch --]
[-- Type: application/octet-stream, Size: 9389 bytes --]
From 343b2ad76dc6d78daa529405f2ec7f9a3e2e65bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mingye Wang <arthur200126@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 May 2023 20:21:08 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] random.{4,7}, getrandom.2: Adapt to Linux 5.6 changes
In-Reply-To: <bug-214885-11311-M5kG7tptAp@https.bugzilla.kernel.org/>
X-Unsent: 1
Linux kernel 5.6 no longer has a blocking random pool. This commit
updates all relevant references to reflect this change.
* random.7: Remove references to the blocking pool in the table. Add a
note about the blocking pool.
* random.7: Revise "choice of random source" to remove any recommen-
dationof the blocking pool. Stop suggesting that the blocking pool is
safer (it's not after initialization).
* random.7: Add table entry for GRND_INSECURE.
* random.7: Weaken performance recommendation following the Linux 4.8
CSPRNG speedup.
* getrandom.2: Add flag entry for GRND_INSECURE.
* getrandom.2: Add removal note to GRND_RANDOM.
* random.4: Split DESCRIPTION paragraph on /dev/random into two, one
for the new behavior and the other for the old.
* random.4: Adjust size limits and /proc list for 5.6.
* random.4: Mention blocking resolution by high-precision timer entropy.
Changes not made:
* random.4: USAGE section largely unchanged. Old kernels will stick
around for a while.
Closes: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=214885
Signed-Off-By: Mingye Wang <arthur200126@gmail.com>
---
man2/getrandom.2 | 9 +++++
man4/random.4 | 30 +++++++++-------
man7/random.7 | 89 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
3 files changed, 75 insertions(+), 53 deletions(-)
diff --git a/man2/getrandom.2 b/man2/getrandom.2
index dbd23a0a6..fb2e948be 100644
--- a/man2/getrandom.2
+++ b/man2/getrandom.2
@@ -64,6 +64,8 @@ argument is a bit mask that can contain zero or more of the following values
ORed together:
.TP
.B GRND_RANDOM
+.\" commit 48446f198f9adcb499b30332488dfd5bc3f176f6
+Ignored since Linux 5.6.
If this bit is set, then random bytes are drawn from the
.I random
source
@@ -105,6 +107,13 @@ does not block in these cases, but instead immediately returns \-1 with
.I errno
set to
.BR EAGAIN .
+.TP GRND_INSECURE
+.\" commit 75551dbf112c992bc6c99a972990b3f272247e23
+Added in Linux 5.6.
+Request best-effort, non-cryptographic-quality random bytes.
+If this bit is set, then
+.BR getrandom ()
+will never block or fail due to a lack of entropy.
.SH RETURN VALUE
On success,
.BR getrandom ()
diff --git a/man4/random.4 b/man4/random.4
index edd047b77..6ce9992fe 100644
--- a/man4/random.4
+++ b/man4/random.4
@@ -58,16 +58,20 @@ If this is of concern in your application, use
.BR getrandom (2)
or \fI/dev/random\fP instead.
.PP
-The \fI/dev/random\fP device is a legacy interface which dates back to
-a time where the cryptographic primitives used in the implementation
-of \fI/dev/urandom\fP were not widely trusted.
-It will return random bytes only within the estimated number of
-bits of fresh noise in the entropy pool, blocking if necessary.
-\fI/dev/random\fP is suitable for applications that need
+.\" commit 30c08efec8884fb106b8e57094baa51bb4c44e32
+As of Linux 5.6, \fI/dev/random\fP is identical to \fI/dev/urandom\fP,
+except that it blocks during early boot. A jitter-based seeding technique
+added in Linux 5.4 should help to reduce block time.
+.\" commit 50ee7529ec4500c88f8664560770a7a1b65db72b
+.PP
+The pre-5.6 \fI/dev/random\fP device is a legacy interface which dates
+back to a time where the cryptographic primitives used in the implementation
+of \fI/dev/urandom\fP were not widely trusted. It would return random bytes
+only within the estimated number of bits of fresh noise in the entropy pool,
+blocking until additional environmental noise is gathered.
+This old \fI/dev/random\fP is suitable for applications that need
high quality randomness, and can afford indeterminate delays.
.PP
-When the entropy pool is empty, reads from \fI/dev/random\fP will block
-until additional environmental noise is gathered.
Since Linux 5.6, the
.B O_NONBLOCK
flag is ignored as
@@ -116,15 +120,16 @@ A
.BR read (2)
from
.I /dev/random
-will return at most 512 bytes
+has the same maximum size since Linux 5.6. Between Linux 3.16 and 5.5,
+the maximum size was 512 bytes. (340 bytes before Linux 2.6.12)
.\" SEC_XFER_SIZE in drivers/char/random.c
-(340 bytes before Linux 2.6.12).
+
.PP
Writing to \fI/dev/random\fP or \fI/dev/urandom\fP will update the
entropy pool with the data written, but this will not result in a
higher entropy count.
This means that it will impact the contents
-read from both files, but it will not make reads from
+read from both files, but it will not make reads from a pre-5.6
\fI/dev/random\fP faster.
.SS Usage
The
@@ -145,7 +150,7 @@ soon as it is reloaded in the boot sequence, and perfectly adequate for
network encryption session keys.
(All major Linux distributions have saved the seed file across reboots
since 2000 at least.)
-Since reads from
+Since reads from a pre-5.6
.I /dev/random
may block, users will usually want to open it in nonblocking mode
(or perform a read with timeout),
@@ -246,6 +251,7 @@ It contains the value 4096.
.RE
.TP
.I read_wakeup_threshold
+Removed in Linux 5.6.
This file
contains the number of bits of entropy required for waking up processes
that sleep waiting for entropy from
diff --git a/man7/random.7 b/man7/random.7
index 69e6c2403..e80a1328e 100644
--- a/man7/random.7
+++ b/man7/random.7
@@ -59,17 +59,16 @@ The kernel collects bits of entropy from the environment.
When a sufficient number of random bits has been collected, the
entropy pool is considered to be initialized.
.SS Choice of random source
-Unless you are doing long-term key generation (and most likely not even
-then), you probably shouldn't be reading from the
+Unless your program may run at early-boot, before the entropy pool
+is initialized, there is no longer any palpable difference between
.I /dev/random
-device or employing
-.BR getrandom (2)
-with the
-.B GRND_RANDOM
-flag.
-Instead, either read from the
+and
.I /dev/urandom
-device or employ
+since Linux 5.6. (See the table below.)
+.PP.
+On older kernels, either read from the
+.I /dev/urandom
+device or (especially if you are concerned with early boot) employ
.BR getrandom (2)
without the
.B GRND_RANDOM
@@ -77,18 +76,6 @@ flag.
The cryptographic algorithms used for the
.I urandom
source are quite conservative, and so should be sufficient for all purposes.
-.PP
-The disadvantage of
-.B GRND_RANDOM
-and reads from
-.I /dev/random
-is that the operation can block for an indefinite period of time.
-Furthermore, dealing with the partially fulfilled
-requests that can occur when using
-.B GRND_RANDOM
-or when reading from
-.I /dev/random
-increases code complexity.
.\"
.SS Monte Carlo and other probabilistic sampling applications
Using these interfaces to provide large quantities of data for
@@ -99,6 +86,13 @@ need cryptographically secure random numbers.
Instead, use the interfaces described in this page to obtain
a small amount of data to seed a user-space pseudorandom
number generator for use by such applications.
+.PP
+.\" commit e192be9d9a30555aae2ca1dc3aad37cba484cd4a
+.\" commit 48446f198f9adcb499b30332488dfd5bc3f176f6
+Since Linux 4.8, the random interfaces are backed by a much faster
+NUMA-aware ChaCha20 CSPRNG.
+It is still discouraged to use the random interfaces for sampling,
+but if you do, the performance will be much better than before.
.\"
.SS Comparison between getrandom, /dev/urandom, and /dev/random
The following table summarizes the behavior of the various
@@ -122,9 +116,9 @@ T}
T{
.I /dev/random
T} T{
-Blocking pool
+CSPRNG output
T} T{
-If entropy too low, blocks until there is enough entropy again
+Never blocks
T} T{
Blocks until enough entropy gathered
T}
@@ -149,17 +143,6 @@ Blocks until pool ready
T}
T{
.BR getrandom ()
-.B GRND_RANDOM
-T} T{
-Same as
-.I /dev/random
-T} T{
-If entropy too low, blocks until there is enough entropy again
-T} T{
-Blocks until pool ready
-T}
-T{
-.BR getrandom ()
.B GRND_NONBLOCK
T} T{
Same as
@@ -171,21 +154,45 @@ T} T{
T}
T{
.BR getrandom ()
-.B GRND_RANDOM
-+
-.B GRND_NONBLOCK
+.B GRND_INSECURE
T} T{
Same as
-.I /dev/random
+.I /dev/urandom
T} T{
-.B EAGAIN
-if not enough entropy available
+Never blocks
T} T{
-.B EAGAIN
+Returns output from uninitialized CSPRNG (may be low entropy and unsuitable for cryptography)
T}
.TE
.ad
.\"
+.SS The old blocking pool
+The above table describes the behavior of the interfaces since
+Linux 5.6. In older kernels, the
+.I /dev/random
+used a separate blocking pool, and
+.BR getrandom ()
+had a
+.B GRND_RANDOM
+flag for reading from the blocking pool.
+.\"
+.PP
+The older blocking pool was a vestige of a time when the CSPRNG
+was not trusted.
+It assumed that entropy can run out by reading the CSPRNG.
+This has never been the case.
+Instead, programs using
+.B GRND_RANDOM
+and
+.I /dev/random
+had to deal with operations blocking indefinitely.
+Furthermore, dealing with the partially fulfilled
+requests that can occur when using
+.B GRND_RANDOM
+or when reading from
+.I /dev/random
+increases code complexity.
+.\"
.SS Generating cryptographic keys
The amount of seed material required to generate a cryptographic key
equals the effective key size of the key.
--
2.40.0
next prev parent reply other threads:[~2023-05-29 8:51 UTC|newest]
Thread overview: 11+ messages / expand[flat|nested] mbox.gz Atom feed top
2021-10-30 16:42 [Bug 214885] New: random.{4,7} [man-pages 5.13] do not reflect changes to /dev/random semantics since kernel 5.6 bugzilla-daemon
2021-10-30 17:01 ` [Bug 214885] " bugzilla-daemon
2023-05-25 11:34 ` bugzilla-daemon
2023-05-25 12:36 ` bugzilla-daemon
2023-05-29 8:50 ` Mingye Wang [this message]
2023-05-31 22:20 ` [PATCH] random.{4,7}, getrandom.2: Adapt to Linux 5.6 changes Alejandro Colomar
2023-06-02 11:35 ` Mingye Wang
2023-06-05 3:13 ` Mingye Wang
2023-07-08 19:06 ` Alejandro Colomar
2024-03-25 12:44 ` [Bug 214885] random.{4,7} [man-pages 5.13] do not reflect changes to /dev/random semantics since kernel 5.6 bugzilla-daemon
2024-03-25 13:26 ` bugzilla-daemon
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